var httpHandler = new HttpClientHandler();
// Return `true` to allow certificates that are untrusted/invalid
httpHandler.ServerCertificateCustomValidationCallback =
HttpClientHandler.DangerousAcceptAnyServerCertificateValidator;
var channel = GrpcChannel.ForAddress("https://localhost:5001",
new GrpcChannelOptions { HttpHandler = httpHandler });
var client = new Greet.GreeterClient(channel);
Add a .proto file to a C# app
<ItemGroup> <Protobuf Include="Protos\greet.proto" GrpcServices="Server" /> </ItemGroup>
C# Tooling support for .proto files
Server:
<PackageReference Include="Grpc.AspNetCore" Version="2.28.0" />
Client:
<PackageReference Include="Google.Protobuf" Version="3.11.4" /> <PackageReference Include="Grpc.Net.Client" Version="2.28.0" /> <PackageReference Include="Grpc.Tools" Version="2.28.1">
Generated C# assets
Server Side:
To ensure only the server assets are generated in a server project, the GrpcServices attribute is set to Server.
<ItemGroup> <Protobuf Include="Protos\greet.proto" GrpcServices="Server" /> </ItemGroup>
public class GreeterService : Greeter.GreeterBase
{
private readonly ILogger<GreeterService> _logger;
public GreeterService(ILogger<GreeterService> logger)
{
_logger = logger;
}
public override Task<HelloReply> SayHello(HelloRequest request, ServerCallContext context)
{
return Task.FromResult(new HelloReply
{
Message = "Hello " + request.Name
});
}
}
Client Side:
static async Task Main(string[] args)
{
// The port number(5001) must match the port of the gRPC server.
using var channel = GrpcChannel.ForAddress("https://localhost:5001");
var client = new Greeter.GreeterClient(channel);
var reply = await client.SayHelloAsync(
new HelloRequest { Name = "GreeterClient" });
Console.WriteLine("Greeting: " + reply.Message);
Console.WriteLine("Press any key to exit...");
Console.ReadKey();
}
References
https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/aspnet/core/grpc/basics?view=aspnetcore-5.0
1 – Using the query string
Navigating page:
page.NavigationService.Navigate(new Uri("/Views/Page.xaml?parameter=test", UriKind.Relative));
Destination page:
string parameter = string.Empty;
if (NavigationContext.QueryString.TryGetValue("parameter", out parameter)) {
this.label.Text = parameter;
}
2 – Using NavigationEventArgs
Navigating page:
page.NavigationService.Navigate(new Uri("/Views/Page.xaml?parameter=test", UriKind.Relative));
// and ..
protected override void OnNavigatedFrom(NavigationEventArgs e)
{
// NavigationEventArgs returns destination page
Page destinationPage = e.Content as Page;
if (destinationPage != null) {
// Change property of destination page
destinationPage.PublicProperty = "String or object..";
}
}
Destination page:
// Just use the value of "PublicProperty"..
3 – Using Manual navigation
Navigating page:
page.NavigationService.Navigate(new Page("passing a string to the constructor"));
Destination page:
public Page(string value) {
// Use the value in the constructor...
}
References
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/12444816/how-to-pass-values-parameters-between-xaml-pages
<Window x:Class="FrameSample.Window1"
xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"
xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"
Title="Window1" Height="300" Width="300">
<Grid>
<TextBlock>Outside area of frame</TextBlock>
<Frame Source="Page1.xaml">
</Frame>
</Grid>
</Window>
navigate to a URI in a WPF Frame
<Window x:Class="FrameSample.Window1"
xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"
xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"
Title="Window1" Height="300" Width="300">
<Grid>
<TextBlock>Outside area of frame</TextBlock>
<Frame Name="FrameWithinGrid" >
</Frame>
<Button Height="23" Margin="114,12,25,0"
Name="button1" VerticalAlignment="Top" Click="button1_Click">Navigate to C# Corner
</Button>
</Grid>
</Window>
private void button1_Click(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
{
FrameWithinGrid.Navigate(new System.Uri("Page1.xaml",
UriKind.RelativeOrAbsolute));
}
navigate to an external website URL and opens the ASPX page within a Frame
FrameWithinGrid.Source = new Uri("http://www.c-sharpcorner.com/Default.aspx", UriKind.Absolute);
this code first creates a NavigationWindow and then sets its Source to a URI
NavigationWindow window = new NavigationWindow();
Uri source = new Uri("http://www.c-sharpcorner.com/Default.aspx", UriKind.Absolute);
window.Source = source; window.Show();
private void NavigationViewItemHome_OnClick(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
{
FrameMain.Navigate(new PageItems());
}
References
https://www.c-sharpcorner.com/UploadFile/mahesh/using-xaml-frame-in-wpf857/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YoZcAx_0rNM
Rectangle rect = new Rectangle(0, 0, 100, 100); Bitmap bmp = new Bitmap(rect.Width, rect.Height, PixelFormat.Format32bppArgb); Graphics g = Graphics.FromImage(bmp); g.CopyFromScreen(rect.Left, rect.Top, 0, 0, bmp.Size, CopyPixelOperation.SourceCopy); bmp.Save(fileName, ImageFormat.Jpeg);
References
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3306600/c-how-to-take-a-screenshot-of-a-portion-of-screen
Image<Bgr, byte> Image1 = new Image<Bgr, byte>(Properties.Resources.Image1); //Your first image
Image<Bgr, byte> Image2 = new Image<Bgr, byte>(Properties.Resources.Image2); //Your second image
double Threshold = 0.8; //set it to a decimal value between 0 and 1.00, 1.00 meaning that the images must be identical
Image<Gray, float> Matches = Image1.MatchTemplate(Image2, TemplateMatchingType.CcoeffNormed);
for (int y = 0; y < Matches.Data.GetLength(0); y++)
{
for (int x = 0; x < Matches.Data.GetLength(1); x++)
{
if (Matches.Data[y, x, 0] >= Threshold) //Check if its a valid match
{
//Image2 found within Image1
}
}
}
References
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/39570033/template-matching-on-images-c-sharp
[DllImport("user32.dll")]
public static extern void mouse_event(MouseEventFlags dwFlags, uint dx, uint dy, uint dwData, MouseEventDataXButtons dwExtraInfo);
[DllImport("User32.Dll")]
public static extern long SetCursorPos(int x, int y);
[Flags]
public enum MouseEventFlags : uint
{
LEFTDOWN = 0x00000002,
LEFTUP = 0x00000004,
MIDDLEDOWN = 0x00000020,
MIDDLEUP = 0x00000040,
MOVE = 0x00000001,
ABSOLUTE = 0x00008000,
RIGHTDOWN = 0x00000008,
RIGHTUP = 0x00000010,
WHEEL = 0x00000800,
XDOWN = 0x00000080,
XUP = 0x00000100
}
//Use the values of this enum for the 'dwData' parameter
//to specify an X button when using MouseEventFlags.XDOWN or
//MouseEventFlags.XUP for the dwFlags parameter.
public enum MouseEventDataXButtons : uint
{
XBUTTON1 = 0x00000001,
XBUTTON2 = 0x00000002
}
public static void MoveMouse(int x, int y)
{
PInvoke.SetCursorPos(x, y);
}
public static void ClickMouse(int x, int y)
{
PInvoke.mouse_event(MouseEventFlags.LEFTDOWN | MouseEventFlags.ABSOLUTE, (uint)x, (uint)y, 0, 0);
Thread.Sleep(10);
PInvoke.mouse_event(MouseEventFlags.LEFTUP | MouseEventFlags.ABSOLUTE, (uint)x, (uint)y, 0, 0);
}
References
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/13520705/move-mouse-to-position-and-left-click
http://www.pinvoke.net/default.aspx/user32.mouse_event
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/8050825/how-to-move-mouse-cursor-using-c
https://www.pinvoke.net/default.aspx/user32.setcursorpos
First Set Process DPI Aware:
Get Screen Size on C#
https://pupli.net/2020/03/get-screen-size-on-c/
Install-Package System.Drawing.Common -Version 7.0.0
Take screenshot and save to file
using System;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Windows.Forms;
namespace ScreenshotExample
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
// Get the bounds of the screen
Rectangle bounds = Screen.PrimaryScreen.Bounds;
// Create a bitmap object to store the screenshot
using (Bitmap bitmap = new Bitmap(bounds.Width, bounds.Height))
{
// Create a graphics object from the bitmap
using (Graphics g = Graphics.FromImage(bitmap))
{
// Capture the screen
g.CopyFromScreen(new Point(bounds.Left, bounds.Top), Point.Empty, bounds.Size);
}
// Save the screenshot as a PNG file
bitmap.Save("screenshot.png");
}
Console.WriteLine("Screenshot saved as screenshot.png");
}
}
}
Take screenshot and save to memory
using System;
using System.Drawing;
using System.IO;
using System.Windows.Forms;
namespace ScreenshotToMemory
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
// Get the bounds of the screen
Rectangle bounds = Screen.PrimaryScreen.Bounds;
// Create a bitmap object to store the screenshot
using (Bitmap bitmap = new Bitmap(bounds.Width, bounds.Height))
{
// Create a graphics object from the bitmap
using (Graphics g = Graphics.FromImage(bitmap))
{
// Capture the screen
g.CopyFromScreen(new Point(bounds.Left, bounds.Top), Point.Empty, bounds.Size);
}
// Store the screenshot in memory using MemoryStream
using (MemoryStream memoryStream = new MemoryStream())
{
bitmap.Save(memoryStream, System.Drawing.Imaging.ImageFormat.Png);
// Convert the MemoryStream to byte array
byte[] screenshotBytes = memoryStream.ToArray();
// Now the screenshot is stored in screenshotBytes, you can use it as needed
// For demonstration, let's output the length of the byte array
Console.WriteLine($"Screenshot captured. Byte array length: {screenshotBytes.Length}");
}
}
}
}
}
The process is running under DPI virtualization. So we should apply the DPI aware manifest option to stop DPI virtualization
[DllImport("user32.dll", SetLastError=true)]
static extern bool SetProcessDPIAware();
Then
public enum SystemMetric
{
VirtualScreenWidth = 78, // CXVIRTUALSCREEN 0x0000004E
VirtualScreenHeight = 79, // CYVIRTUALSCREEN 0x0000004F
}
[DllImport("user32.dll")]
public static extern int GetSystemMetrics(SystemMetric metric);
public static Size GetVirtualDisplaySize()
{
var width = GetSystemMetrics(SystemMetric.VirtualScreenWidth);
var height = GetSystemMetrics(SystemMetric.VirtualScreenHeight);
return new Size(width, height);
}
References
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/28339257/getsystemmetrics-and-tscreen-returns-wrong-value
https://www.pinvoke.net/default.aspx/user32/SetProcessDPIAware.html
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1317235/c-get-complete-desktop-size
https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/winuser/nf-winuser-setprocessdpiaware
Connection to the plc
// Create and connect the client
var client = new S7Client();
int result = client.ConnectTo("127.0.0.1", 0, 1);
if(result == 0)
{
Console.WriteLine("Connected to 127.0.0.1");
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine(client.ErrorText(result));
}
// Disconnect the client
client.Disconnect();
Read from DB
Console.WriteLine("\n---- Read DB 1");
byte[] db1Buffer = new byte[18];
result = client.DBRead(1, 0, 18, db1Buffer);
if(result != 0)
{
Console.WriteLine("Error: " + client.ErrorText(result));
}
int db1dbw2= S7.GetIntAt(db1Buffer, 2);
Console.WriteLine("DB1.DBW2: " + db1dbw2);
double db1ddd4 = S7.GetRealAt(db1Buffer, 4);
Console.WriteLine("DB1.DBD4: " + db1ddd4);
double db1dbd8 = S7.GetDIntAt(db1Buffer, 8);
Console.WriteLine("DB1.DBD8: " + db1dbd8);
double db1dbd12 = S7.GetDWordAt(db1Buffer, 12);
Console.WriteLine("DB1.DBD12: " + db1dbd12);
double db1dbw16 = S7.GetWordAt(db1Buffer, 16);
Console.WriteLine("DB1.DBD16: " + db1dbw16);
Write to DB
db1Buffer = new byte[12];
const int START_INDEX = 4;
S7.SetRealAt(db1Buffer, 4 - START_INDEX, (float)54.36);
S7.SetDIntAt(db1Buffer, 8 - START_INDEX, 555666);
S7.SetDWordAt(db1Buffer, 12 - START_INDEX, 123456);
result = client.DBWrite(1, START_INDEX, db1Buffer.Length, db1Buffer);
if (result != 0)
{
Console.WriteLine("Error: " + client.ErrorText(result));
}
ReadMultiVar
// Read multi vars
var s7MultiVar = new S7MultiVar(client);
byte[] db1 = new byte[18];
s7MultiVar.Add(S7Consts.S7AreaDB, S7Consts.S7WLByte, 1, 0, 18, ref db1);
byte[] db3 = new byte[18];
s7MultiVar.Add(S7Consts.S7AreaDB, S7Consts.S7WLByte, 3, 0, 18, ref db3);
result = s7MultiVar.Read();
if (result != 0)
{
Console.WriteLine("Error on s7MultiVar.Read()");
}
db1dbw2 = S7.GetIntAt(db1, 2);
Console.WriteLine("DB1.DBW2.0 = {0}", db1dbw2);
db1ddd4 = S7.GetRealAt(db1, 4);
Console.WriteLine("DB1.DBW4.0 = {0}", db1ddd4);
db1dbd8 = S7.GetDIntAt(db1, 8);
Console.WriteLine("DB1.DBW8.0 = {0}", db1dbd8);
db3dbw2 = S7.GetIntAt(db3, 2);
Console.WriteLine("DB3.DBW2.0 = {0}", db3dbw2);
db3dbd4 = S7.GetRealAt(db3, 4);
Console.WriteLine("DB3.DBW4.0 = {0}", db3dbd4);
db3dbd8 = S7.GetDIntAt(db3, 8);
Console.WriteLine("DB3.DBW8.0 = {0}", db3dbd8);
WriteMultiVars
// Write multi vars
s7MultiVar = new S7MultiVar(client);
const int DB1_START_INDEX = 2;
db1 = new byte[10];
S7.SetIntAt(db1, 2 - DB1_START_INDEX, 50);
S7.SetRealAt(db1, 4 - DB1_START_INDEX, (float)36.5);
S7.SetDIntAt(db1, 8 - DB1_START_INDEX, 123456);
s7MultiVar.Add(S7Consts.S7AreaDB, S7Consts.S7WLByte, 1, DB1_START_INDEX, db1.Length, ref db1);
const int DB3_START_INDEX = 2;
db3 = new byte[10];
S7.SetIntAt(db3, 2 - DB3_START_INDEX, -50);
S7.SetRealAt(db3, 4 - DB3_START_INDEX, (float)-25.36);
S7.SetDIntAt(db3, 8 - DB3_START_INDEX, -123456);
s7MultiVar.Add(S7Consts.S7AreaDB, S7Consts.S7WLByte, 3, DB3_START_INDEX, db3.Length, ref db3);
result = s7MultiVar.Write();
if (result != 0)
{
Console.WriteLine("Error on s7MultiVar.Read()");
}
References
https://www.mesta-automation.com/how-to-write-a-siemens-s7-plc-driver-with-c-and-sharp7/
https://github.com/mesta1/Sharp7-example/blob/master/Sharp7Example/Program.cs